Parental Separation Free Essays

Brianna Golez Professor Fraga English 1A 23 July 2012 Parental Separation The parents’ sole obligation is to raise and, by definition, support their kids in general unit. Settling on choices and correspondence are the components that add to a sound and agreeable condition for families. However, what repercussions surface when unlimited contradictions and absence of toleration disturb that harmony while the guardians are still legitimately detained in their â€Å"marriage†? In contrast to separate, the detachment between guardians is more earnestly to adapt to for any immature or kid and causes more tension and worry upon the family. We will compose a custom article test on Parental Separation or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now While separate is thought of to be a brisk parade, it can take a normal of a half year for it to be concluded. Before the finish of the documentations and gatherings, the youngsters included are utilized to living independently and doubtlessly realizing how to adapt. Conversely, division precedes the need of the separation and is where feelings for young people and any minors in that circumstance are at its pinnacle of forswearing and disquiet. Numerous things can pressure a marriage and even before the choice of a division, give the minors inside the family the sentiment of nervousness and imminent of downhill occasions. Dr. William Doherty of the Family Science Department at the University of Minnesota found that 40% of since a long time ago isolated couples lament their choice and figured it could have been forestalled. It is normal youngsters are powerless to feeling blame over their parents’ reason of getting far off and pugnacious; in any case, principle qualities for division incorporated a low degree of instruction and couples that had entered marriage at a more youthful age. More than one in each four youngsters have needed to persevere through the partition of their mom and father. The anxieties and perplexity of the circumstance is increasingly troublesome as they attempt to conform to new settings, environmental factors, and living game plans. The trouble of change puts pressure upon the minors since it includes the guardians attempting to come to understandings without the commitment of lawful authorization. For young people, they are in a state where the freedom that is attempting to be set up can be endangered by them developing quicker than ordinary and accept more noteworthy obligations. Just as wanting to run the family unit and fill the job of that missing guardian. This strife can proceed to cause issues on their perspectives towards school, individuals, and the relationship with their folks. Exploration done by a group from King’s College London found that over a large portion of the kids who lived independently had hopeful perspectives since they had been â€Å"active in choices about these courses of action and were bound to have positive sentiments about moving between households†. It has likewise been discovered that drops in wellbeing, secondary school dropout rates, teenager births, and youngster suicides additionally increment to twice as likely because of parental detachment. Not exclusively do offspring of split relationships feel the vulnerability of their bind, they feel the need of a superior correspondence between them. As indicated by a subject of parental division, Brittney Golez, expressed â€Å"it was an enthusiastic time where you didn't know what might occur straightaway and if things would get worse†. The months before the separation are the hardest and turn out to be more uncertain for compromise as she later proceeds to state, â€Å"things would be simpler in the event that they were back together, and it possibly makes more worry for me when I don’t realize what more I can do†. This regular perspective on the life before a separation for a juvenile shows the evacuating of living in two family units one after another; hence making for an insecure situation. The relationship that is generally significant for the prosperity of kids and young people are much of the time upset by the multifaceted nature of detachment. Worry in the guardians is the thing that lone expands the feelings of anxiety of their posterity and thus give more disappointment and hazard towards the family’s wellbeing. Intricacies keep on emerging in this plague for the twelve million kids among the nation and the one in ever four who experience it. Refered to Works 1. Golez, Brittney T. â€Å"Parent Separation. † Personal meeting. 21 July 2012. 2. Furnace, Laura. â€Å"Parental Separation. †Ã‚ Familylawwebguide. com. Family Law WEB Guide, 27 Nov. 2008. Web. 23 July 2012. ;http://www. familylawwebguide. com. au/news/pg/news/see/545/list. php;. 3. Lundstrom, Karin, and Andreas Raneke. â€Å"Family Structures and Separations Among First Time Parents.  Scb. se. Insights Sweden, 30 Mar. 2012. Web. 21 July 2012. http://www. scb. se/Pages/PressRelease____331426. aspx. 4. â€Å"On Children and Separation. †Ã‚ Separatedfamiliesmatter. organization. uk. The two Parents Matter, 2009. Web. 21 July 2012. http://www. separatedfamiliesmatter. organization. uk/why-work-with-partition/division research/on-kids and-detachment. 5. Rooks, Linda. â€Å"Statistics On Separation and Divorce. â⠂¬ Ã‚ Separation. N. p. , 9 June 2003. Web. 21 July 2012. http://brokenheartonhold. com/Statistics. shtml. Instructions to refer to Parental Separation, Essay models

1.) Three Genetic Disorders Are Downs Syndrome, Turners Syndrome, And

1.) Three hereditary issue are Down's condition, Turner's disorder, and Red-green partial blindness. They are completely brought about by bothersome qualities acquired by typical hereditary components. These changes are typically latent on the grounds that predominant ones generally bite the dust. Turner's Syndrome is brought about by flawed cell division known as non disjunction. This happens when chromosomes neglect to isolate. IN this issue, the influenced have one x chromosome. The impact are an immature female, mental retardedness, and sterility. Down disorder is a condition brought about by an oddosome that happens on the pair #21. It brings about serious anomaly physical and mental deformities. For instance, shorter air pocket shape eyes, short fingers, short necks. There are degrees of down condition contingent upon the measure of chromosomes (extra). It is likewise acquired, and is a typical disfigurement. Red-green visual impairment is where red can't be recognized from green. This is sex connected. 2.) Water is the support of life. Water has numerous properties that make it the most significant basic nuclear structure. Water acts like a magnet, both the oxygen and the hydrogen iotas draw in the electrons in the electrons they share in the covalent obligations of the water particle. Water is a polar particle, this is on the grounds that water is firm, it shapes a cross section of hydrogen securities with itself that is a fluid and not a gas, at moderate temperatures. The union of water is additionally liable for its surface pressure. Another property of water is its high explicit solid go heat. Hydrogen bonds retain heat when they break, and discharge heat when they structure, limiting temperature charges. Water is a ground-breaking dissolvable, water particles assemble intently around any atom that displays an electrical charge, Polar water particles are pulled in to particles and polar mixes, making them solvent. Water additionally sorts out non polar particles, when non polar atoms, which don't frame hydrogen bonds, are set in water, the water atoms act so as to reject them. Water additionally has the property to ionize. The particles of water suddenly formate, when this happens one of the proteins separates from the atom. Another property of water is that ice has a lower thickness than fluid. This happens on the grounds that the water particles in an ice gem are divided generally far separated due to hydrogen holding. Thsi properties of water help make it the support of life that plants and creatures rely upon for living. 5.) The plasma film (or cell layer) limits the cell. Due to the significance of the plasma layer as the seperator of interior metabolic occasions from outside condition and in light of the fact that it controls the development of materials into and out of the cell.. The plasma layer comprises of a twofold phospholipid film with the non polar hydrophobic tails highlighting within the layer and the polar hydrophilic heads shaping the two external countenances. Protein and cholesterol particles are dissipated all through the adaptable phospholipid layer. The phosopholipid layer is hydrophobic obstruction to the development of most particle little atoms, for example, h20, C2o and O2, unreservedly go over the film. Transport proteins spend ATP to move materials over the film. At the point when vitality is utilized for this reason, the materials are supposed to be effectively moved, and the procedure is called dynamic vehicle. There are two manners by which substance move. The principal, mass stream, is the general development of a gathering of substances. This movement is not quite the same as mass stream since it is the movement of particles (or iota or particles) autonomous from the movement of different atoms. On the off chance that a fixation inclination exists, that is if the grouping of specific particles (or iotas or particles) is not the same as one locale to another, at that point the atoms which are continually moving will in the long run become equitably dispersed. Dispersion happens because of the arbitrary movement of the atoms. Cannel proteins ( at blends) in the cristae permit the protons in the external compartment to stream once again into the framework. The protons traveling through the channel create the vitality for other for these channel proteins to deliver ATP. It is the means by which turbines in a dam produce power when water moves through them.

Sharks, Test Scores and Fear - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Sharks, Test Scores and Fear - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Sharks, Test Scores and Fear Sharks are terrifying. They are big, they have huge pointy teeth, and and they like to eat. But the chances of you dying from a shark attack are pretty small. I mean one in eight million or so small. So while sharks are big and scary, in reality, you shouldnt worry about them too much. In the same way, two words, three little letters each, cause an overwhelming amount of stress and angst. The SAT and ACT. They also seem big and scary, just without the pointy teeth. But in the same way that people overestimate the chances of a shark attack, they also overestimate the importance of the SAT and/or ACT tests. While a wide range of colleges use the SAT and/or ACT in the admissions review, the importance of these tests is generally overblown, and a number of colleges are test optional. Almost all (if not all) colleges, including UGA, state in their admissions review information that what a student does in the classroom is much more important than what a student does on a standardized test. At UGA, we give a rough estimate of 75+% of the academic portion of our review is focused on core grades and curriculum, with a much smaller percentage being the test score information. During our holistic file review where we look at everything, the importance of test scores becomes even smaller. Yet even with this information, the panic over test scores still runs wild. Here are some lifetime odds on the chances of different methods of dying: Motor Vehicle accident -1 in 113 Falling 1 in 133 Motorcycle accident 1 in 949 Any Force of Nature 1 in 3,122 Airplane/Spaceship 1 in 9,738 Tornado 1 in 60,000 Lightning 1 in 174,443 Bee/Wasp Stings 1 in 308,629 Shark Attack 1 in 8,000,000 People get very worried about a shark attack, but less so about lightning, and falling down the stairs is rarely ever a concern. But the reality is that you should be really careful going down the stairs, and not as worried about death by sharks or bees. In the same vein, I suggest students focus much more on their grades in their core classes and the rigor of their curriculum, and less on standardized tests. I can never give exact percentages on how important each specific item is in our overall review (I get a huge number of questions about how important essays are for instance), but hopefully this helps a little in understanding this issue. By the way, death by a sharp objects accident is 1 in 30,863, so dont run with scissors. Go Dawgs!

A Beautiful Mind Psychological Disorders Essay - 1061 Words

A Beautiful Mind illustrates many of the topics relating to psychological disorders. The main character of the film, John Nash, is a brilliant mathematician who suffers from symptoms of Schizophrenia. His symptoms include paranoid delusions, grandiosity, and disturbed perceptions. The disease disrupts his social relationships, his studies, and his work. The more stressful his life becomes the more his mind is not able to distinguish between reality and fantasy. Nashs first hallucination is in his college dorm room when his drunken roommate Charles appears. Charles acts as a mentor to Nash by making him realize that work and studies are not the only things life has to offer. Throughout his life, Nash has been a lone wolf, and Charles†¦show more content†¦Nash goes as far as to drop off packages to a fake government mailbox. He starts to feel like he is being followed everywhere he goes. His old friend Charles, as well as his niece Marcy come back into the picture to help him deal with the stress. Nashs new wife Alicia realizes her husbands condition one night when he comes home a mess and completely loses it when she turns on the lights in their apartment, screaming that the Russians will find them! Nash loses it on stage in the middle of a presentation at a math convention, and a psychiatrist sedates him and brings him to a mental institution. There he is diagnosed as schizophrenic and undergoes extensive shock therapy five times a week for ten weeks and is prescribed medication that helped rid him of his hallucinations. Unfortunately his medication disrupts his relationship with his wife almost as much as his delusions did in the first place. For example, he couldnt respond to his wife in bed, he couldnt show affection to their child, and he couldnt do simple tasks around the house. He stops taking his medication and falls back into his paranoid delusions. Nash has a breakthrough and realizes that the people he is seeing are hallucinations when he realizes that none of them age. Alicia and the psychiatrist insist that he go back on his medication to keep him healthy, but Nash refuses, saying that he will ignore the hallucinations because the affects of the medicine are notShow MoreRelatedPsychological Disorders And The Movie A Beautiful Mind Essay1477 Words   |  6 Pagesmovie A Beautiful Mind is one that offers psychologists with a lot of fodder to think about and its storyline brings out various aspects of psychology that can be analyzed to bring a more conclusive close to this debate. The thesis statement of this essay is that psychological disorders need to be understood independently of various factors such as biological and environmental factors. This is because the world of psychology has always tried to attach the above factors to various psychological disordersRead MoreMental Health : A Psychological Disorder922 Words   |  4 Pageswhich many individuals quietly struggle with in their daily lives. Psychological disorders, although extremely com mon, are often misunderstood by those who are not educated on the subject, even those who may be suffering from a mental disorder themselves. According to the 13th edition of the textbook Abnormal Psychology (Kring et al., 2015), a psychological disorder is defined as a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that impact a person s life. This definitionRead MoreSchizophrenia Paranoid Personality Disorder ‚Äà ºa Beautiful Mind‚Äà ¹1034 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: TWO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS FROM THE MOVIE â€Å"A BEAUTIFUL MIND†: SCHIZOPHRENIA AND PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER Two Psychological Disorders from the Movie â€Å"A Beautiful Mind†: Schizophrenia and Paranoid Personality Disorder Your Name Your School Name, State (Country) â€Å"A Beautiful Mind,† which is based on the novel by Sylvia Nasar, is the story about the mathematic genius called John Nash. He enters Princeton University in the 1940s to start his studies in the fields of calculusRead MoreA Beautiful Mind Review - Psychological Issues1523 Words   |  7 PagesMovie: A Beautiful Mind Psychological Issue: Schizophrenia 1) Using material from the text (or internet resources), describe your understanding of the disorder portrayed in the film. [This asks you to describe what someone with this disorder might really look like.] In the movie â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† directed by Ron Howard; the disorder that is portrayed by the character John Nash is schizophrenia. This brain disorder alters the normal mechanisms occurring in the brain. The best explanationRead MoreIs Art A Mirror On Society?1559 Words   |  7 Pagesfeeling and what it is dealing with. As an art form this is true of film as well. Throughout history there have been iconic movies that illustrate a number of psychological issues. From depression to retrograde amnesia and obsessive compulsive disorder. The movies are a pretty good place to start when one is looking for psychological disorders in art. For this reason they are a great place to start when one is looking for the public’s perception of mental illnesses. Of course the producers of theRead MoreAnalysis Of Disney s The Outer Shell Of Innocence 1427 Words   |  6 Pagesyou turn your head we are pestered with beautiful women and perfect figures. The overwhelming urge for women to have a body just like the perfect models and idols we see plastered in media has spilled over into our children. Despite the outer shell of innocence, the psychological and sociological effects of Disney figures misrepresent the ideal body image as distorted to perfection and airbrushed to unrealistic; the iconic body image warping an adolescent mind into aiming for unobtainable goals. AlthoughRead MoreFilm Review : A Beautiful Mind And Shutter Island996 Words   |  4 Pagesthe sake of profit is important. Hollywood tends to exaggerate and manipulate the truth. The portrayal of Clinical disorders in film are examples of how Hollywood can alter reality. In both A Beautiful Mind and Shutter Island, the psychological disorder depicted is paranoid schizophrenia, but one does a better job of depicting the disorder accurately than the other. In A Beautiful Mind (Howard, 2001), the main character is John Nash, a brilliant mathematician from Princeton University. Nash’s symptomsRead MoreA Beautiful Mind Is Based On The Life Of The Prize Winner John Nash1192 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract â€Å"Psychological disorders: are any pattern of behavior or thinking that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life† according to Ciccarelli White (2015). The American film A Beautiful Mind is based on the life of the 1994 Nobel Prize winner John Nash. This biographical film describes the life of the mathematician through all the stages of his life, starting when he was a college student at the University of PrincetonRead MoreThe Influence Of Media Reporting On Society s Perception Of Beauty1730 Words   |  7 Pagessociocultural factors contribute to the development of eating disorders as well as how society s perception of beauty has been distorted. This paper will further support the notion that societies perception of a female’s beauty is determined by their perceived body image, which in turn has a direct effect on teenage girls and plays a primary role in the development of eating disorders such as anorexia. There are two main types of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The term ‘anorexiaRead MoreA Beautiful Mind1467 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Nicole Calabro Professor Kulpanowski PSY 2013 October 21, 2013 A Beautiful Mind â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† is a sad yet unique, inspiring film. The film was directed by Ron Howard and provided people a whole new perspective on psychological disorders. When people generally hear the words â€Å"mental illness,† the thoughts of crazy, insane, different, abnormal and weird come into place. â€Å"A Beautiful Mind,† based on a true story and a novel by Sylvia Nasar, has proven the standard thoughts to be inaccurate

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Rules of Relationships in of Mice and Men and the Breakfast Club Free Essays

Rules of Relationship Kyle and I decided to research relationships as they are portrayed in movies for our presentation. Between us, we watched â€Å"The Breakfast Club†, â€Å"Dead Poets Society†, â€Å"Fried Green Tomatoes† and â€Å"Of Mice and Men. † Today I’m going to discuss how rules of relationships were used in â€Å"The Breakfast Club† and â€Å"Of Mice and Men†. We will write a custom essay sample on Rules of Relationships in of Mice and Men and the Breakfast Club or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will list the rules portrayed in these movies and provide you with insight on the happenings of each movie. I think that â€Å"The Breakfast Club† and â€Å"Of Mice and Men† did an excellent job of demonstrating the rules of relationships. Of Mice and Men† is a classic story with a timeless message. It’s very good movie and novel. This movie is great drama for anyone from thirteen to ninety-nine years of age. In â€Å"Of Mice and Men†, there are two rugged men, Lenny and George, who are good friends. Lenny, played by John Malkovich, is a soft spoken, big, and gentle character, who is unfortunately mentally disabled. Because of Lenny’s problem keeping a job, the brothers are forced to move frequently. Lenny likes to touch things that appear to be soft or comforting to touch: hair for example. Lenny loves animals. George, played Gary Sinise, tries his hardest to be a good friend. He seems to be trapped by the fact of having a life that is full of unhappy things. George is about 35-40 years old. He is hard working, trustworthy, patience, caring, and a very responsible man. Throughout the movie, George seems to have gotten the short end of the stick. At the same time, I feel that George’s meeting Lenny also had a positive impact on George. George learned a great deal of patience from his friendship with Lenny. This story ends in trajedy. George is forced to do what he thinks is best for all by killing Lenny after Lenny accidently killed a woman. With Lenny’s death, George is given a chance to move on with his life and not have to worry about taking care of his friend. The other movie I’m going to discuss is â€Å"The Breakfast Club†. This movie would be enjoyed by people ranging in age from junior high to middle aged. It’s more of a younger portrayal of how life was and is in high school. It’s a story of how five supposedly completely different students end up in detention on a Saturday and how they discover and use their similarities to make the day more enjoyable. As the story progresses, they learn not only about each other but also about themselves. In â€Å"The Breakfast Club†, Andrew Clark, the jock played by Emilio Estevez , always seems to be pleasing other people: his father, his coach, his friends. They all see him as a person that he doesn’t necessarily WANT to be. Rather than disappoint them, he simply becomes who they think he is. This creates a lot of internal anger, which surfaces often throughout the movie. Brian Johnson, Anthony Michael Hall, excels academically but has little self-confidence to show for it. He tends to be hard on himself, and can’t handle failure. Straight-laced and timid, he rarely bends the rules. My favorite character in the movie, by far, is John Bender, played by Judd Nelson. He has a lot of issues he doesn’t care to talk about, and he deals with them by using dry humor and sarcasm. Allison Reynolds is a basket case. She’s screwed up. One thing’s for sure, Allison Reynolds, played by Ally Sheedy, LOVES attention. So she’s got her quirks. She uses dandruff as â€Å"snow† on a picture she’s drawn. She eats Cap’n Crunch and sugar from a Pixie Stix on bread as a sandwich. She doesn’t speak for the first half of the movie, and when she finally does start talking, she doesn’t stop. Allison leaves you wondering who she really is, but weird or not, she’s certainly likable! Claire Standish, the spoiled brat played by Molly Ringwald, reminds me of the girls that I couldn’t stand in high school! She places herself above everyone else in the movie. Sure, she’s got her problems, just like all teenagers. But somehow, to everyone else, her family’s wealth and power and her alliance with the â€Å"in† crowd seems to diminish whatever problems she may have. To the other characters, she’s just conceited Claire. â€Å"The Breakfast Club† takes place Saturday, March 24, 1984 in Shermer High School. Shermer High School is located in the town of Shermer, Illinois. â€Å"Of Mice and Men† takes place in California sometime in the 1800’s. It was never exactly stated when it took place, but it was when slavery was still in use. I chose to apply the â€Å"Rules of Relationships† according to Argyle and Henderson. The â€Å"Rules of Relationships† is defined in eleven rules, listed on page 261 of the Communications Mosaics textbook. A few of the rules are as follows, stand up for a friend when they aren’t around, share your successes and how you feel about them, give emotional support, and trust and confide in one another. In â€Å"Of Mice and Men†, I found that eight of the rules were used. For the most part George is always sticking up for and defending Lenny, giving support, trust and confiding in Lenny, helping him, making him feel good, is not too critical of Lenny, protects Lenny’s confidences, and leaving his faults alone. Lenny uses what he knows as far as rules of relationships go. Lenny is mentally challenged, so he does what he can by giving support and just being a good guy. In â€Å"The Breakfast Club†, three of these rules are used. They all give one another emotional support, they trust and confide in each other, and they make each other feel good. In â€Å"The Breakfast Club†, they fight, but now matter what they’re talking about, they seem to take sides and defend their case. Although Bender made Claire cry, he gave her support soon there after. All the teens trust and confide in each other by telling what they did to end up in detention. Each of them seems to have a terrible story of why or how they ended up in detention. Each story has great weight on ruining who they are or ruining their reputation. To help his new friends feel good, Bender gets everyone high off of smoking weed in the movie. In â€Å"The Breakfast Club† not many of the â€Å"Rules of Relationships† were displayed, but that is greatly due to the fact that they began as strangers put together by circumstances beyond their control and grew to become friends through the course of the movie. â€Å"Rules of relationships† describe how an ideal relationship would be. A movie uses some of these rules, but for dramatic and real-to-life purposes relationships like this aren’t usually seen. I think that â€Å"The Breakfast Club† shows us what more modern relationships act like. â€Å"Of Mice and Men† gives us a more sincere, true-to-life feeling of true friendship. I think that a movie like â€Å"The Breakfast Club† may not have a profound impact on the American way of life, but for now and maybe for another short while longer, this movie will display how high school’s function. â€Å"Of Mice and Men† is a timeless movie, which displays friendship to be a great thing. The ethics of both How to cite Rules of Relationships in of Mice and Men and the Breakfast Club, Papers

The Effect of Miscommunication in an Orgnization Essay Example

The Effect of Miscommunication in an Orgnization Essay Reasons of miscommunication leading to lesser productivity in an organization Nguyen Nam Khanh B0902385 Abstract Communication is a process beginning with a sender who encodes the message and passes it through some channel to the receiver who decodes the message. Communication is fruitful if and only if the receiver interprets the messages sent by the sender with same meaning. If any kind of disturbance blocks any step of communication, the message will be destroyed. Communication is more important in an organization. Cause miscommunication would lead to several problems to the organization especially, productivity. This paper would find out what reasons of miscommunication on an organization leading to ineffective productivity. Keyword: Communication, organization, productivity. 1. Introduction Communication is always a very important role in personal life. In fact, it is said to be the backbone of living. The meanings of communication may be very different. Communication consists of all the processes by which information is transmitted and received. The subject matter may include facts, intentions, attitudes etc. and the chief purpose of communication is to make the receiver to understand what is in the mind of the sender. Communication is very crucial and unavoidable since we have intentions, which we want to pass across to another person, group or even to the external world. Communication provide evidence that people is living. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Miscommunication in an Orgnization specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Miscommunication in an Orgnization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Miscommunication in an Orgnization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Because one must like to communicate with people around him or her to share experience, ideas and feelings. In an organization, communication is inevitable and indispensable and can have huge impacts on how the organization works as a whole. Communication in an organization is about sharing ideas, information, opinions, and plans from person to person, department to department and inside the organization to external world. As far as we know, an effective communicate organization can get many benefits, uch as: increasing productivity, improve efficiency, cut costs, improve morale, and decrease turnover, etc. Besides that, miscommunication or ineffective communication usually has negative effects. For examples: souring relations, leading to poor performances and felt on the productivity, and ultimately the outcome. Therefore, to get those benefits and avoid further negative effects, we need to find out why miscommunication takes place. 2. Interpersonal communication process According t o Robert N. Lussier (Springfield College), communication is a process in which consist of a sender who encodes a message and transmits it through a channel to a receiver who decodes it and may give feedback. The communication process consists of four steps. Step 1: The sender encodes the message and selects transmission channel Step 2: The sender transmits the message through a channel Step 3: The receiver decodes the message and decides if feedback is need Step 4: Feedback 3. Organization communication In order to know more what reasons lead to miscommunication in workplace, we must know more about organization communicate so that we can answer the question. An organization refer to when people come together to work in pursuit of common goals, they establish a hierarchy of authority in other to achieve the common goals, they also in the process divide tasks according to members area of specialization so that the human resources within the organization can be properly harnessed to achieve the set objectives. According to Robert N. Lussier (Springfield College), communication in an organization generally is the compounded interpersonal communication process across and organization. Therefore, any of communication barriers between individual personal in an organization would affect the performance of the organization. 4. Interpersonal communication barrier There are many barriers could affect the interpersonal communication process, which may lead to miscommunication, which leading to limited, ineffective productivity in an organization. Each different stage of the communication process could have different barriers. For example, in the first stage of the process, which the sender encodes and selects a channel to transmit the message, there are barriers such as perception, information overload or channel selection barrier. Perception is generally how each individual interprets the world around him. All generally want to receive messages, which are significant to them, any message that is against their values is not accepted. Information overloads which happen when peoples are surrounded with a pool of information and cannot control this information flow else, too much information is as bad as too little because it reduces the audiences ability to concentrate on the most important part of the message, the information is likely to be misinterpreted or forgotten or overlooked. As a result, communication is less effective. Another barrier involves while the sender selecting a channel to communicate. Using an inappropriate channel can result in missed communication. Beside, communication barrier can also take place in other stage of communication process. Such as noise barrier in stage 2, noise interferes with message transmission which is anything distracting the receiver and causing message understanding errors. In stage 3 of communication process, barriers such as trust and credibility, not-listening barrier and emotional, may occur. People who not trustworthy will find difficult to communicate. Not listening usually involved when people is not paying attention, they just hear but not listening. In addition, emotional barriers happen if the receiver does not have mood to be objective and to listen. Furthermore, the last stage may have the filtering communication barrier, which people likely to alternating or distorting information to project a more favorable image. Beside the barriers that occur during the communication barrier, there are also many factors cause barrier. For example, different in gender: the different between men and women conversation style becomes a barrier, different in cross-cultural communication: differences in culture can cause barrier to communication. 5. Non-cooperation, no participation in workplace If there is not a cohesive relationship among employees and managements, some of them will not readily to cooperate. Some employees have higher qualification than others do, so they think they are better than others are. It leads to a distance among employees. That distance would prevent a clear Non-participation is also an factor leading to miscommunication. Participation in workplace or usually in a team working on a project often leads to a better understanding of potential problems because ideas are shared more openly between members of an organization. In a study of 493 employees (Kivimaki et al. , 2000), the result show that participative communication was the strongest indicator of innovation effectiveness and patents produced. Cooperation, participation, open discussion encourage member of an organization or a project team to have a desire of seeking information needed to understand contrary views, so that better knowledge, expertise, and problem solving can result. Cooperation and participation help building trust among employees in an organization or among team members of a project team. Therefore, they can establish common goals, and resolving project specifications. It is best employed in the project teams formative phases, so that its positive effects on team building may be used to leverage productivity and innovation ( Smith, 2001). 6. Miscommunications and misunderstandings in the workplace due to generation gaps Peoples attitudes are influenced by the familial and cultural experiences of their childhood and those values are brought into the workplace. In an organization, there are usually have multiple generation participating. Each generation have different characteristic. According to Mark Hirschfeld, principal in the human capital consulting group at SilverStone Group in Omaha, Neb The way we grew up earns us the right to see the world the way we see it. † Furthermore, according to Amy Hirsh Robinson, principal at workforce consulting firm Interchange Group in Los Angeles: Millennials think Generation X managers are jaded, bitter, abrasive, not interested in them, hoard their knowledge, and dont delegate†, and â€Å"Generation Xers think Millennials are too needy for attention and are emanding and overly confident, says Sylvia Ann Hewlett, an economist and founding president of the Center for Work-Life Policy, a nonprofit think tank in New York City. Members of Generation X also say, Millennials dont have a good work ethic, job-hop and live off their parents. It may not be true, but thats the stereotype. Therefore, the misunderstanding between generations in workplace is unavoidable, thus l eading to miscommunication. To overcome the generation gaps in an organization, all employees of the organization should spend more time to hang out, participate and get to know others. Therefore, employees in different generations can found their similarities in others, thus know other better, which reduce chance of miscommunication. 7. Organization structure Organizational structure is seen as the hierarchy through which a group, business or organization of people collaborate to achieve a set of objectives and common goals. The ways these hierarchical structures interact with each other affects the measurement of effectiveness in that organization. All organization, depend on its own side would have different communication technique, and different communication network. In large organizations where flow of information is downward, feedback is not always guaranteed. Organizations with a flat structure usually tend to have an intricately knitted communication network. Tall organizations generally have too many vertical communication links; as a result, messages become distorted as they move through various organization levels. 8. Different position of employees in an organization structure. People in different position of an organization hierarchy communicate with others, there is a possibility of miscommunication. Generally, employees at lower position would like to take about anything that their boss might interest in. They also very cautious when sending message to their boss. Member in different position in an organization have different chance to be criticized. Usually only lower position employees are given criticized from managers. Similarly, people of higher status may twist messages by refusing to discuss anything that would tend to weaken their authority in the organization such as allow employees to criticized them. In other words, they may want to maintain the significance of their status. This tendency is beneficial neither for the employees nor for the organization. Limiting oneself to a particular department or being responsible for a particular task can narrow ones point of view so that it differs from the attitudes, values, and expectations of people who belong to other departments or who are responsible for other tasks. Various studies considered the role of communication in superior-subordinate relationships (Hatfield and Huseman, 1982; Richmond and Roach, 1992; and Waldron, 1991). Eisenberg, Monge, and Farace (1984) found that greater levels of agreement on rules of initiation and termination for communication between supervisors or subordinates led higher evaluations of each other. Similarly, according to Wexley, Alexander, Greenawalt, and Couch (1980), managers who were more cognizant of subordinates work attitudes tended to give them more evaluations that are positive. Also, greater congruence by subordinates toward attitudes of managers led to increased satisfaction with supervision administered by them. 9. Message transmission channel To communicate in workplace, there are many variety channels. However, each of the channels to transmit the message in an organization has different weakness. Face-to-face communication usually is the most suitable standard because it can provides immediate feedback, transmits information from both verbal and non-verbal cues, and conveys the emotion behind the message. Although, other channels such as telephone or other interactive electronic media can provide immediate feedback even people in a long distance. However, it is lack of they do not provide visual non-verbal cues, such as facial expressions, eye contact, and body movements. Through memos, letters, and reports, written communication can be personalized, but immediate feedback is lost along with the visual and vocal non-verbal cues that show the meaning of the message. According to a study by using questionnaire that is give to the Fortune 200 companies, show that 66% reported miscommunication most often occurred in oral/spoken communication, followed by 40% responses indicating written communication, and 10% individuals noting nonverbal body communication. When asked specifically, 47% of respondents identified e-mail as the media responsible for the most miscommunication. 0. Culture difference Miscommunication because of culture difference usually happens in a multi-national organization or global virtual team working on a project, which members are, located in different countries face cultural differences that can affect the overall success of the groups performance. It includes language barrier and different culture understanding. According to (Smith, 2001) National differences tend to align themselves with the intrinsic cultural influences of the nationalities of the persons within the group. Most nations prescribe either to an individualism or collectivism identity. By cultural differences between geographic regions, team members cannot communicate through face-to-face. Therefore, important tonal and body language cues were missing. For example, some body language sign would have different meanings in different country or culture. For that reason, miscommunication is sometimes unavoidable. It has a negative effect on relationships and communication between team members. Furthermore, no matter in what culture we find ourselves communicating, the task is to grasp, through noticeable and invisible clues, others intentions behind their encoded signs. All cultures have classification systems of value, and competent management communicators need to be sensitive to the distinctive gradations of other’s classification systems. As Van Gennep has pointed out, â€Å"every ordered society necessarily classes not only its human members, but also the objects and creatures of nature, sometimes according to their external form, sometimes according to their dominant psychic characteristics, sometimes according to their utility as food, in agriculture or in industry, or for the producer or consumer. Nothing entitles us to regard any one system of classification, say the zoological system of totemism, the cosmographic system, or the occupational system (castes) as prior to the others. † (qtd. in L_vi-Strauss 162) 11. Lack of trust Trust is the belief that somebody/something is good, sincere, honest, and will not try to harm or trick you. Lacking of trust in communication among employees would lead to miscommunication in an organization. Depend on the different kind of an organization; there are different ways, different channels to employees to communicate. Therefore, there are many different way to building trust among employees. In each transmission channels of communication, there are different advantages and disadvantage. According to The Media Richness theory by Daft et al. (1987) suggests that computer-based communication media may eliminate the type of communication cues that persons use to express trust, warmth, politeness, and other interpersonal affections. So that employees are difficult to building trust with other. In other hand, according to the SIDE theory discussed by Walther (1997) contends that electronic media communication is no different than face-to-face interaction in terms of social information exchange. Furthermore, we can see that in an organization, if the management do not trust the employees, then they do not believe all of the thing that employees report. So the manager will have to double check all the work, which leading to time consuming. In the other hand, if employees lack trust in manager, they will start questioning all of the decision or opinions of the manager. These lead to communication breakdown and ineffective in productivity of the organization. 12. Negative effect of miscommunication to productivity As communication is defined as a process of transmitting, sharing information, ideas, knowledge, and understanding among peoples. So, miscommunication means that misunderstanding and people cannot achieving common goal. The problems caused by miscommunication can be critical even for the peace of the World. According to Huffington Post in 2010, even NATO in Afghanistan has been blamed miscommunication in the fire incident. In organizations, managerial communication with its methods and levels of communication are in a key role achieve people act and perform as the organization needs. Miscommunication can take place in everyday life and easily corrected by a new communication. But the bigger the communicated issue is, and the more it cause needs of change in people’s behavior, the more important is to avoid miscommunication. The time used to correct all serious misunderstanding can be vital for the time reaching the assigned target. We can have a look back into the case of Toyota. Toyota has issued some recalls ranging from floor mats to faulty accelerator pedals to rusted out spare-tire carriers. According to their former Chief American Spokesman Jim Olson, the core of the issue was miscommunication. Furthermore, Jim Olson said: â€Å"there was a clear division between Toyotas decision making and execution teams. † Jim argues that this slowed the company down and prevented communication and planning within Toyota. The results were obviously not only devastating to the family members of those hurt or killed in accidents caused by these problems but also devastating effect on the future business and reputation of Toyota. Miscommunication can take place at anytime, anywhere, in any organization, from business company to a public hospital or from a factory to the government. For example, in a hospital doctor team is diagnosing for a patient, if miscommunication occurs among the doctor team, it not only added stress and confusion, on top of an already delicate situation. One Doctor would give his diagnosis and then the other Doctor would give a completely opposite diagnosis. It was as if the two doctors did not come together to discuss and compare notes. This miscommunication led to confusion and eventually if the patient being in critical condition, resulted would be far more worse. Good communication is the backbone of any organization. As an organization grows bigger and becomes more complex, there is more opportunity for miscommunication to spread within. It can have a damaging effect on not only an organization but also external world. So we all know that miscommunication in an organization not only affect the productivity of the organization or time-consuming to correct the failure but also have vital effect on outside the organization. 3. How to reduce negative effects of miscommunication There are many disadvantage of miscommunication, but there are also many way to prevent miscommunication in an organization. Most of miscommunication in organization comes from personal miscommunication among members of the organization. In order to reduce personal miscommunications, missed expectations, frustration, confusion, disappointment , anger, and many other emotions by doing some of the following things in mind when we are attempting to communicate. Firstly, if you want to have an easy, clear, ommunication, you should choose your words carefully; try to use not complicated words or those words that have so many different meanings. Secondly, make certain your body language and facial expressions are matching with your message. If a manager tells his/her team they did a good job and he/her rolls the eyes as saying it, they are going to believe that facial expression rather than the words. They will believe what they see every time over what they hear. Furthermore, people in an organization should give trust to others. Trust is the foundation stone when dealing with people. When trust exists in an organization or in a relationship, almost everything else is easier and more comfortable to achieve. Try to keep promises. If you cannot keep one, explain what is happening in the situation without delay. Feedback is communication to a person regarding the effect their behavior is having on others. You need to find a way to share concerns without making the person you are talking to feel threatened. Finally, if miscommunication occurs, try to solve the problem as soon as possible to prevent further damages. 14. Conclusion Communication is an important role in any organization. And communication process is a process, in which the message is encoded by sender then sent through many different channel to receiver. However, during all of stages of communication process, many factors can occur and affect to the message, which lead to miscommunication. As far as we know, most of reasons of miscommunication in an organization leading to communication breakdown and further is ineffective productivity. Most of the reasons leading to miscommunication in an organization are from personal miscommunication among employees or member of the organization. It could be miscommunication because of perception or information overload, or because of noise or the way people chosen to communicate, or different in culture or, lacking of trust between employers or employees and management, which lead to employees not willing to cooperate or participate. Furthermore, we know that an organization structure is a reason leading to miscommunication. Different organization structure has different weakness, such as a tall organization generally have too many vertical communication links, which the message would be modified, change, or lost during the process. Communication has a vital affect to the organization especially the organization productivity. If an organization have a good communication process among employees, the process of sharing ideas, information, knowledge and opinions is faster, more accurate, It not only lead to effective productivity, saving more time and resource of the organization but also reduce the chance of vital negative activities. However, if an organization have problems in communication process among people, which lead to miscommunication and ineffective productivity or more critical failure. The negative effects of miscommunication not only have an effect on an organization itself but also the outside world such as customers or other organization. Finally, miscommunication in an organization is unavoidable, but the organization must know what to do to reduce the chance of miscommunication as well as it negative effects. Reference Miscommunication in workplace, Sources, Prevention, Response- David Snowball December 1, 2011 How to avoid miscommunication- Rex C. Houze, Founder ; President Improving Performance ; Results Communication, and miscommunication in corporate America: evidence from fortune 200 firms by Nitham M. Hindi, Donald S. Miller, Stephen E. Catt The Effects of Miscommunication and Inaccurate Reporting On an Organization. Author: julia_877  Ã‚  03 February 2012 How Does Organizational Structure Affect Performance Measurement? By JOHN S, eHow Contributor How to Prevent Most Cross Cultural Miscommunication by Examining Your Own English Communication by Cindy King Explore effectiveness of team communication: Balancing synchronous and asynchronous communication in design team. By Den Otter, Ad; Emmitt, Stephan. Engineering, Constructions, Architecture management 14. 5 (2007) page 408-419 Essay: Miscommunication in Organizations. ttp://www. essayxperts. com/essay-miscommunication-in-organizations/ Exploring the communication breakdown in global virtual teams Tugrul U. Daim, Anita Ha,Shawn Reutimanc, Brennan Hughes, Ujjal Pathak, Wayne Bynum, Ashok Bhatla. Received 14 July 2010. Revised 19 April 2011. Accepted 21 June 2011. Available online 3 August 2011. Review: A cognitive-affective mode l of organizational communication for designing IT by Teeni, Dov. MIS Quarterly25. 2 (Jun 2001): 251-312. Female and Male Managers’ and Professionals’ Criticism Giving. Differences in Language Use and Effects by Anthony Mulac1, David R. Seibold2 and Jennifer Lee Farris. The impact of transactive memory systems on IS development teams coordination, communication, and performance by Jack Shih-Chieh Hsu, Sheng-Pao Shih, Jerry C. Chiang, Julie Yu-Chih Liu Developing international management communication competence | by Chapel, W B Journal of Business and Technical Communication, ISSN 1050-6519, 07/1997, Volume 11, Issue 3, pp. 281 296 | Risk Mitigation in Virtual Organizations | by Grabowski, Martha and Roberts, Karlene H Organization Science, ISSN 1047-7039, 11/1999, Volume 10, Issue 6, pp. 04 721 Exploring the communication breakdown in global virtual teams | by Daim, Tugrul U; Ha, Anita; Reutiman, Shawn; Hughes, Brennan; Pathak, Ujjal; Bynum,Multicultural organizations: Common language and group cohesivenessJakob Lauring Aarhus School of Business, University of Aarhus, Denmark and Jan Selmer Aarhus School of Business, University of Aarhus, Denmarkhttp://blog. peoplemetrics. com/combating-miscommunication-in-the-wo rkplace/Causes of Miscommunication-Dr. PaulsenCommunication Barriers Reasons for Communication Breakdown from http://www. managementstudyguide. com/communication_barriers. htm | | The Effect of Miscommunication in an Orgnization Essay Example The Effect of Miscommunication in an Orgnization Paper Reasons of miscommunication leading to lesser productivity in an organization Nguyen Nam Khanh B0902385 Abstract Communication is a process beginning with a sender who encodes the message and passes it through some channel to the receiver who decodes the message. Communication is fruitful if and only if the receiver interprets the messages sent by the sender with same meaning. If any kind of disturbance blocks any step of communication, the message will be destroyed. Communication is more important in an organization. Cause miscommunication would lead to several problems to the organization especially, productivity. This paper would find out what reasons of miscommunication on an organization leading to ineffective productivity. Keyword: Communication, organization, productivity. 1. Introduction Communication is always a very important role in personal life. In fact, it is said to be the backbone of living. The meanings of communication may be very different. Communication consists of all the processes by which information is transmitted and received. The subject matter may include facts, intentions, attitudes etc. and the chief purpose of communication is to make the receiver to understand what is in the mind of the sender. Communication is very crucial and unavoidable since we have intentions, which we want to pass across to another person, group or even to the external world. Communication provide evidence that people is living. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Miscommunication in an Orgnization specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Miscommunication in an Orgnization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Miscommunication in an Orgnization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Because one must like to communicate with people around him or her to share experience, ideas and feelings. In an organization, communication is inevitable and indispensable and can have huge impacts on how the organization works as a whole. Communication in an organization is about sharing ideas, information, opinions, and plans from person to person, department to department and inside the organization to external world. As far as we know, an effective communicate organization can get many benefits, uch as: increasing productivity, improve efficiency, cut costs, improve morale, and decrease turnover, etc. Besides that, miscommunication or ineffective communication usually has negative effects. For examples: souring relations, leading to poor performances and felt on the productivity, and ultimately the outcome. Therefore, to get those benefits and avoid further negative effects, we need to find out why miscommunication takes place. 2. Interpersonal communication process According t o Robert N. Lussier (Springfield College), communication is a process in which consist of a sender who encodes a message and transmits it through a channel to a receiver who decodes it and may give feedback. The communication process consists of four steps. Step 1: The sender encodes the message and selects transmission channel Step 2: The sender transmits the message through a channel Step 3: The receiver decodes the message and decides if feedback is need Step 4: Feedback 3. Organization communication In order to know more what reasons lead to miscommunication in workplace, we must know more about organization communicate so that we can answer the question. An organization refer to when people come together to work in pursuit of common goals, they establish a hierarchy of authority in other to achieve the common goals, they also in the process divide tasks according to members area of specialization so that the human resources within the organization can be properly harnessed to achieve the set objectives. According to Robert N. Lussier (Springfield College), communication in an organization generally is the compounded interpersonal communication process across and organization. Therefore, any of communication barriers between individual personal in an organization would affect the performance of the organization. 4. Interpersonal communication barrier There are many barriers could affect the interpersonal communication process, which may lead to miscommunication, which leading to limited, ineffective productivity in an organization. Each different stage of the communication process could have different barriers. For example, in the first stage of the process, which the sender encodes and selects a channel to transmit the message, there are barriers such as perception, information overload or channel selection barrier. Perception is generally how each individual interprets the world around him. All generally want to receive messages, which are significant to them, any message that is against their values is not accepted. Information overloads which happen when peoples are surrounded with a pool of information and cannot control this information flow else, too much information is as bad as too little because it reduces the audiences ability to concentrate on the most important part of the message, the information is likely to be misinterpreted or forgotten or overlooked. As a result, communication is less effective. Another barrier involves while the sender selecting a channel to communicate. Using an inappropriate channel can result in missed communication. Beside, communication barrier can also take place in other stage of communication process. Such as noise barrier in stage 2, noise interferes with message transmission which is anything distracting the receiver and causing message understanding errors. In stage 3 of communication process, barriers such as trust and credibility, not-listening barrier and emotional, may occur. People who not trustworthy will find difficult to communicate. Not listening usually involved when people is not paying attention, they just hear but not listening. In addition, emotional barriers happen if the receiver does not have mood to be objective and to listen. Furthermore, the last stage may have the filtering communication barrier, which people likely to alternating or distorting information to project a more favorable image. Beside the barriers that occur during the communication barrier, there are also many factors cause barrier. For example, different in gender: the different between men and women conversation style becomes a barrier, different in cross-cultural communication: differences in culture can cause barrier to communication. 5. Non-cooperation, no participation in workplace If there is not a cohesive relationship among employees and managements, some of them will not readily to cooperate. Some employees have higher qualification than others do, so they think they are better than others are. It leads to a distance among employees. That distance would prevent a clear Non-participation is also an factor leading to miscommunication. Participation in workplace or usually in a team working on a project often leads to a better understanding of potential problems because ideas are shared more openly between members of an organization. In a study of 493 employees (Kivimaki et al. , 2000), the result show that participative communication was the strongest indicator of innovation effectiveness and patents produced. Cooperation, participation, open discussion encourage member of an organization or a project team to have a desire of seeking information needed to understand contrary views, so that better knowledge, expertise, and problem solving can result. Cooperation and participation help building trust among employees in an organization or among team members of a project team. Therefore, they can establish common goals, and resolving project specifications. It is best employed in the project teams formative phases, so that its positive effects on team building may be used to leverage productivity and innovation ( Smith, 2001). 6. Miscommunications and misunderstandings in the workplace due to generation gaps Peoples attitudes are influenced by the familial and cultural experiences of their childhood and those values are brought into the workplace. In an organization, there are usually have multiple generation participating. Each generation have different characteristic. According to Mark Hirschfeld, principal in the human capital consulting group at SilverStone Group in Omaha, Neb The way we grew up earns us the right to see the world the way we see it. † Furthermore, according to Amy Hirsh Robinson, principal at workforce consulting firm Interchange Group in Los Angeles: Millennials think Generation X managers are jaded, bitter, abrasive, not interested in them, hoard their knowledge, and dont delegate†, and â€Å"Generation Xers think Millennials are too needy for attention and are emanding and overly confident, says Sylvia Ann Hewlett, an economist and founding president of the Center for Work-Life Policy, a nonprofit think tank in New York City. Members of Generation X also say, Millennials dont have a good work ethic, job-hop and live off their parents. It may not be true, but thats the stereotype. Therefore, the misunderstanding between generations in workplace is unavoidable, thus l eading to miscommunication. To overcome the generation gaps in an organization, all employees of the organization should spend more time to hang out, participate and get to know others. Therefore, employees in different generations can found their similarities in others, thus know other better, which reduce chance of miscommunication. 7. Organization structure Organizational structure is seen as the hierarchy through which a group, business or organization of people collaborate to achieve a set of objectives and common goals. The ways these hierarchical structures interact with each other affects the measurement of effectiveness in that organization. All organization, depend on its own side would have different communication technique, and different communication network. In large organizations where flow of information is downward, feedback is not always guaranteed. Organizations with a flat structure usually tend to have an intricately knitted communication network. Tall organizations generally have too many vertical communication links; as a result, messages become distorted as they move through various organization levels. 8. Different position of employees in an organization structure. People in different position of an organization hierarchy communicate with others, there is a possibility of miscommunication. Generally, employees at lower position would like to take about anything that their boss might interest in. They also very cautious when sending message to their boss. Member in different position in an organization have different chance to be criticized. Usually only lower position employees are given criticized from managers. Similarly, people of higher status may twist messages by refusing to discuss anything that would tend to weaken their authority in the organization such as allow employees to criticized them. In other words, they may want to maintain the significance of their status. This tendency is beneficial neither for the employees nor for the organization. Limiting oneself to a particular department or being responsible for a particular task can narrow ones point of view so that it differs from the attitudes, values, and expectations of people who belong to other departments or who are responsible for other tasks. Various studies considered the role of communication in superior-subordinate relationships (Hatfield and Huseman, 1982; Richmond and Roach, 1992; and Waldron, 1991). Eisenberg, Monge, and Farace (1984) found that greater levels of agreement on rules of initiation and termination for communication between supervisors or subordinates led higher evaluations of each other. Similarly, according to Wexley, Alexander, Greenawalt, and Couch (1980), managers who were more cognizant of subordinates work attitudes tended to give them more evaluations that are positive. Also, greater congruence by subordinates toward attitudes of managers led to increased satisfaction with supervision administered by them. 9. Message transmission channel To communicate in workplace, there are many variety channels. However, each of the channels to transmit the message in an organization has different weakness. Face-to-face communication usually is the most suitable standard because it can provides immediate feedback, transmits information from both verbal and non-verbal cues, and conveys the emotion behind the message. Although, other channels such as telephone or other interactive electronic media can provide immediate feedback even people in a long distance. However, it is lack of they do not provide visual non-verbal cues, such as facial expressions, eye contact, and body movements. Through memos, letters, and reports, written communication can be personalized, but immediate feedback is lost along with the visual and vocal non-verbal cues that show the meaning of the message. According to a study by using questionnaire that is give to the Fortune 200 companies, show that 66% reported miscommunication most often occurred in oral/spoken communication, followed by 40% responses indicating written communication, and 10% individuals noting nonverbal body communication. When asked specifically, 47% of respondents identified e-mail as the media responsible for the most miscommunication. 0. Culture difference Miscommunication because of culture difference usually happens in a multi-national organization or global virtual team working on a project, which members are, located in different countries face cultural differences that can affect the overall success of the groups performance. It includes language barrier and different culture understanding. According to (Smith, 2001) National differences tend to align themselves with the intrinsic cultural influences of the nationalities of the persons within the group. Most nations prescribe either to an individualism or collectivism identity. By cultural differences between geographic regions, team members cannot communicate through face-to-face. Therefore, important tonal and body language cues were missing. For example, some body language sign would have different meanings in different country or culture. For that reason, miscommunication is sometimes unavoidable. It has a negative effect on relationships and communication between team members. Furthermore, no matter in what culture we find ourselves communicating, the task is to grasp, through noticeable and invisible clues, others intentions behind their encoded signs. All cultures have classification systems of value, and competent management communicators need to be sensitive to the distinctive gradations of other’s classification systems. As Van Gennep has pointed out, â€Å"every ordered society necessarily classes not only its human members, but also the objects and creatures of nature, sometimes according to their external form, sometimes according to their dominant psychic characteristics, sometimes according to their utility as food, in agriculture or in industry, or for the producer or consumer. Nothing entitles us to regard any one system of classification, say the zoological system of totemism, the cosmographic system, or the occupational system (castes) as prior to the others. † (qtd. in L_vi-Strauss 162) 11. Lack of trust Trust is the belief that somebody/something is good, sincere, honest, and will not try to harm or trick you. Lacking of trust in communication among employees would lead to miscommunication in an organization. Depend on the different kind of an organization; there are different ways, different channels to employees to communicate. Therefore, there are many different way to building trust among employees. In each transmission channels of communication, there are different advantages and disadvantage. According to The Media Richness theory by Daft et al. (1987) suggests that computer-based communication media may eliminate the type of communication cues that persons use to express trust, warmth, politeness, and other interpersonal affections. So that employees are difficult to building trust with other. In other hand, according to the SIDE theory discussed by Walther (1997) contends that electronic media communication is no different than face-to-face interaction in terms of social information exchange. Furthermore, we can see that in an organization, if the management do not trust the employees, then they do not believe all of the thing that employees report. So the manager will have to double check all the work, which leading to time consuming. In the other hand, if employees lack trust in manager, they will start questioning all of the decision or opinions of the manager. These lead to communication breakdown and ineffective in productivity of the organization. 12. Negative effect of miscommunication to productivity As communication is defined as a process of transmitting, sharing information, ideas, knowledge, and understanding among peoples. So, miscommunication means that misunderstanding and people cannot achieving common goal. The problems caused by miscommunication can be critical even for the peace of the World. According to Huffington Post in 2010, even NATO in Afghanistan has been blamed miscommunication in the fire incident. In organizations, managerial communication with its methods and levels of communication are in a key role achieve people act and perform as the organization needs. Miscommunication can take place in everyday life and easily corrected by a new communication. But the bigger the communicated issue is, and the more it cause needs of change in people’s behavior, the more important is to avoid miscommunication. The time used to correct all serious misunderstanding can be vital for the time reaching the assigned target. We can have a look back into the case of Toyota. Toyota has issued some recalls ranging from floor mats to faulty accelerator pedals to rusted out spare-tire carriers. According to their former Chief American Spokesman Jim Olson, the core of the issue was miscommunication. Furthermore, Jim Olson said: â€Å"there was a clear division between Toyotas decision making and execution teams. † Jim argues that this slowed the company down and prevented communication and planning within Toyota. The results were obviously not only devastating to the family members of those hurt or killed in accidents caused by these problems but also devastating effect on the future business and reputation of Toyota. Miscommunication can take place at anytime, anywhere, in any organization, from business company to a public hospital or from a factory to the government. For example, in a hospital doctor team is diagnosing for a patient, if miscommunication occurs among the doctor team, it not only added stress and confusion, on top of an already delicate situation. One Doctor would give his diagnosis and then the other Doctor would give a completely opposite diagnosis. It was as if the two doctors did not come together to discuss and compare notes. This miscommunication led to confusion and eventually if the patient being in critical condition, resulted would be far more worse. Good communication is the backbone of any organization. As an organization grows bigger and becomes more complex, there is more opportunity for miscommunication to spread within. It can have a damaging effect on not only an organization but also external world. So we all know that miscommunication in an organization not only affect the productivity of the organization or time-consuming to correct the failure but also have vital effect on outside the organization. 3. How to reduce negative effects of miscommunication There are many disadvantage of miscommunication, but there are also many way to prevent miscommunication in an organization. Most of miscommunication in organization comes from personal miscommunication among members of the organization. In order to reduce personal miscommunications, missed expectations, frustration, confusion, disappointment , anger, and many other emotions by doing some of the following things in mind when we are attempting to communicate. Firstly, if you want to have an easy, clear, ommunication, you should choose your words carefully; try to use not complicated words or those words that have so many different meanings. Secondly, make certain your body language and facial expressions are matching with your message. If a manager tells his/her team they did a good job and he/her rolls the eyes as saying it, they are going to believe that facial expression rather than the words. They will believe what they see every time over what they hear. Furthermore, people in an organization should give trust to others. Trust is the foundation stone when dealing with people. When trust exists in an organization or in a relationship, almost everything else is easier and more comfortable to achieve. Try to keep promises. If you cannot keep one, explain what is happening in the situation without delay. Feedback is communication to a person regarding the effect their behavior is having on others. You need to find a way to share concerns without making the person you are talking to feel threatened. Finally, if miscommunication occurs, try to solve the problem as soon as possible to prevent further damages. 14. Conclusion Communication is an important role in any organization. And communication process is a process, in which the message is encoded by sender then sent through many different channel to receiver. However, during all of stages of communication process, many factors can occur and affect to the message, which lead to miscommunication. As far as we know, most of reasons of miscommunication in an organization leading to communication breakdown and further is ineffective productivity. Most of the reasons leading to miscommunication in an organization are from personal miscommunication among employees or member of the organization. It could be miscommunication because of perception or information overload, or because of noise or the way people chosen to communicate, or different in culture or, lacking of trust between employers or employees and management, which lead to employees not willing to cooperate or participate. Furthermore, we know that an organization structure is a reason leading to miscommunication. Different organization structure has different weakness, such as a tall organization generally have too many vertical communication links, which the message would be modified, change, or lost during the process. Communication has a vital affect to the organization especially the organization productivity. If an organization have a good communication process among employees, the process of sharing ideas, information, knowledge and opinions is faster, more accurate, It not only lead to effective productivity, saving more time and resource of the organization but also reduce the chance of vital negative activities. However, if an organization have problems in communication process among people, which lead to miscommunication and ineffective productivity or more critical failure. The negative effects of miscommunication not only have an effect on an organization itself but also the outside world such as customers or other organization. Finally, miscommunication in an organization is unavoidable, but the organization must know what to do to reduce the chance of miscommunication as well as it negative effects. Reference Miscommunication in workplace, Sources, Prevention, Response- David Snowball December 1, 2011 How to avoid miscommunication- Rex C. Houze, Founder ; President Improving Performance ; Results Communication, and miscommunication in corporate America: evidence from fortune 200 firms by Nitham M. Hindi, Donald S. Miller, Stephen E. Catt The Effects of Miscommunication and Inaccurate Reporting On an Organization. Author: julia_877 03 February 2012 How Does Organizational Structure Affect Performance Measurement? By JOHN S, eHow Contributor How to Prevent Most Cross Cultural Miscommunication by Examining Your Own English Communication by Cindy King Explore effectiveness of team communication: Balancing synchronous and asynchronous communication in design team. By Den Otter, Ad; Emmitt, Stephan. Engineering, Constructions, Architecture management 14. 5 (2007) page 408-419 Essay: Miscommunication in Organizations. ttp://www. essayxperts. com/essay-miscommunication-in-organizations/ Exploring the communication breakdown in global virtual teams Tugrul U. Daim, Anita Ha,Shawn Reutimanc, Brennan Hughes, Ujjal Pathak, Wayne Bynum, Ashok Bhatla. Received 14 July 2010. Revised 19 April 2011. Accepted 21 June 2011. Available online 3 August 2011. Review: A cognitive-affective model of o rganizational communication for designing IT by Teeni, Dov. MIS Quarterly25. 2 (Jun 2001): 251-312. Female and Male Managers’ and Professionals’ Criticism Giving. Differences in Language Use and Effects by Anthony Mulac1, David R. Seibold2 and Jennifer Lee Farris. The impact of transactive memory systems on IS development teams coordination, communication, and performance by Jack Shih-Chieh Hsu, Sheng-Pao Shih, Jerry C. Chiang, Julie Yu-Chih Liu Developing international management communication competence | by Chapel, W B Journal of Business and Technical Communication, ISSN 1050-6519, 07/1997, Volume 11, Issue 3, pp. 281 296 | Risk Mitigation in Virtual Organizations | by Grabowski, Martha and Roberts, Karlene H Organization Science, ISSN 1047-7039, 11/1999, Volume 10, Issue 6, pp. 04 721 Exploring the communication breakdown in global virtual teams | by Daim, Tugrul U; Ha, Anita; Reutiman, Shawn; Hughes, Brennan; Pathak, Ujjal; Bynum,Multicultural organizations: Common language and group cohesivenessJakob Lauring Aarhus School of Business, University of Aarhus, Denmark and Jan Selmer Aarhus School of Business, University of Aarhus, Denmarkhttp://blog. peoplemetrics. com/combating-miscommunication-in-the-wo rkplace/Causes of Miscommunication-Dr. PaulsenCommunication Barriers Reasons for Communication Breakdown from http://www. managementstudyguide. com/communication_barriers. htm | |

The elephant Man Essays

The elephant Man Essays The elephant Man Paper The elephant Man Paper Scenes 17 and 18 are a twisted parody of scenes 2 and 3 at the beginning of the play, and are a turning point, where we see Treves and therefore his general society change roles with Merrick and the rest of the freaks. It is at this point in the play that we clearly see the problems with the Victorian society, and we are shown for certain that Treves is unsure of who he really is and what his intentions are. Scene 17 In scene 17, Merrick has taken the place that Treves was in during scene 2, and Gomm has taken Ross place. The fact that the roles have been reversed is brought to the fore when Merrick calmly says, I am Merrick. Here is my card. I am with the mutations across the road. The simplicity of the statement, and the way that Merrick says it completely deadpan, is almost funny, and drives the point home. It is a reversal of a mixture of statements Treves makes in scene 2, where Merrick tells Ross that he is at the London across the road, and gives Ross his card. From the very beginning of the scene, we are shown Treves uncertainty of himself when Merrick says If he is merely papier michi and paint, a swindler and a fake. This is a direct copy of what Treves says about Merrick in scene 2, but it is taken in a different context here, especially when you read Merricks later statement, therefore exemplary for study as a cruel or deviant one would not be. This shows that Merrick is looking for a kind man, and when he asks if he is a fake he is making sure that Treves is really as good as he appears to be. Gomms statement about Treves, No, no, he is a genuine Dorset dreamer in a moral swamp, shows how Treves is stuck in between conflicting views and ideas. The phrase moral swamp is very descriptive of the situation that Treves is in, as he is quite literally bogged down by a confusing mess of different opinions. This has left Treves unsure of what is the best thing to do for himself or Merrick, and whether anything that he considers normal or proper is actually right or not. And when Merrick says that he had not dreamed of changing Treves, there are two apparent meanings to the statement. The first is carrying on with the reversed roles theme, referring to the way that Treves has attempted to change Merrick into a proper Victorian. The other possible meaning is referring to the way that Merrick himself has actually changed Treves. He has done this by causing him to step back and take a look at himself and his society, and consider the fact that they might not actually be doing the right things and that they could in fact be the deformed people. Scene 18 In scene 18, we have Merrick taking the place of Treves at the lectern from scene 3, and we have the Pins, who are some of the deformed people who were in the same freak show as Merrick, taking the place of the scientists and doctors from the crowd in scene 3. However, one thing I have noticed about the speech is that it has taken on some of Merricks ideas and theories, such as the phrases carvings up for others own good, and without the weight of others dreams accumulating to break his neck, as well as directly parodying Treves speech earlier in the play. Merrick begins his speech in the same way that Treves did, commenting on the shape of Treves head. He says The most striking feature about him, note, is the terrifying normal head. This allows him to dream in the exclusive personal manner, without the weight of others dreams accumulating to break his neck. This is an oxymoron (two conflicting words), and refers to Merricks theory as to why his head is heavy and deformed, and to the fact that Merrick is unable to sleep properly, and is a parody of Treves statement: The most striking feature about him was his enormous head. Its circumference was about that of a mans waist. He continues by saying, From the brow projected a normal vision of benevolent enlightenment, what we believe to be a kind of self-mesmerised state. The mouth, deformed by satisfaction at being at the hub of the best of existent worlds, was rendered therefore utterly incapable of self-critical speech, thus of the ability to change. Once again this is a parody of Merricks deformities, as seen in these quotes: From the brow there projected a huge bony mass like a loaf From the upper jaw there projected another mass of bone. It protruded from the mouth like a pink stump, turning the upper lip inside out, and making the mouth a wide slobbering aperture The deformities rendered the face incapable of the expression of any emotion whatsoever. However, it goes deeper into showing Treves true personality. The normal vision of benevolent enlightenment refers to the way in which Treves and his peers are so confident in what they are doing and that their reasons are correct. This continues with the statement about him being incapable of self critical speech, which was a general virtue of the Victorian people in the play; in that they are all so confident of what they are doing is right, that they do not for a second stop and think about whether it really is. There is, however, one important exception to this rule: Mrs Kendal, who is the first person to properly try to understand Merrick without trying to change him. Next, Merrick says The heart showed signs of worry at this unchanging yet untenable state. This is showing the way in which Treves has recently begun to doubt himself and his motives, and yet is continuing to do things in his usual manner because of the confidence that his peers have in him, and because he believes it is the sort of thing that anyone else in his position would be doing. He continues by saying The back was horribly stiff from being kept against a wall to face the discontent of a world ordered of his convenience. The surgeons hands were well developed and strong, capable of the most delicate carvings up, for others own good. Due also to the normal head, the right arm was of enormous power; but, so incapable of the distinction between the assertion of power and the charitable act of giving, that it was often to be found disgustingly beating others for their own good. This is a parody of Merricks crooked back and useless right arm, and also highlights the way that Treves is coming to believe that what he does for Merrick is not actually good, and that he may be beating him for his own good by exhibiting him to the upper classes and teaching him the ways of Victorian society. For the next part of his analysis, Merrick says The left arm was slighter and fairer, and may be seen in typical position, hand covering the genitals which were treated as a sullen colony in constant need of restriction, governance, punishment. For their own good. This refers to the way that the Victorians were very uptight sexually and emotionally, and kept a strict control over the way they acted. For instance, things as innocent as piano legs were kept covered up because they were deemed suggestive. It also mirrors the comment that Treves made about Merricks left hand being fine and delicate: The other arm was remarkable by contrast. It was not only normal, but was moreover a delicately shaped limb with a fine skin and provided with a beautiful hand which any woman might have envied. He finishes the speech by saying To add a further burden to his trouble the wretched man as a boy developed a disabling spiritual duality, therefore was unable to feel what others feel, nor reach harmony with them. Please. He would thus be denied all means of escape from those he had tormented. This is a parody of the comments that Treves makes about Merricks hip disease: To add a further burden to his trouble, the wretched man when a boy developed a hip disease which left him permanently lame, so that he could only walk with a stick. Please. He was thus denied all means of escape from his tormentors. It also seems to be referring to the way that Treves has been thinking that what he has been doing for Merrick is good, and is only just realising that he may actually be wrong. It also explains the way that Treves has now begun to become depressed at what he thinks he is doing to Merrick, and the way that everyone around him is acting (see Scene 19: They Cannot Make Out What He Is Saying). After the speech has finished, there is a conversation between the Pins and Merrick that parodies the conversation between Treves and a voice from the audience, but with extra lines added in that give a more sinister feeling to it. The first thing that the Pin says directly parodies the Voice from Scene 3. However, Merrick then says: We hope in twenty years we will understand enough to put an end to this affliction, to which the Pin replies Twenty years! Sir, that is unacceptable. Merrick responds by saying Had we caught it early, it might have been different. But his condition has already spread both East and West. The truth is, we are dealing with an epidemic. This is talking about the way that Victorian culture had spread across the globe through the British Empire, quite like an epidemic, and that it may eventually be repairable, but it would take time. This is almost like a premonition of things to come. I think that both of these scenes are very important to the play, and give us an insight into the mind of Bernard Pomerances character Treves. They illustrate a turning point in the play where Treves begins to come to the conclusion that he and his society are the people who need changing, not Merrick. This is particularly well demonstrated by Merricks statement in scene 18 We hope in 20 years we will understand enough to put an end to this affliction, and The truth is, we are dealing with an epidemic.

Hypostatizationâ€Fallacies of Ambiguity and Language

Hypostatization- Fallacies of Ambiguity and Language The fallacy of Reification- Also known as  Hypostatization- is very similar to the Equivocation Fallacy, except that instead of using one word and changing its meaning through the argument, it involves taking a word with a normal usage and giving it an invalid usage. Specifically, Reification involves ascribing substance or real existence to mental constructs or concepts. When human-like qualities are attributed as well, we also have anthropomorphization. Examples and Discussion of the Hypostatization Fallacy Here are some ways in which the fallacy of reification can occur in various arguments: 1. The government has a hand in everybodys business and another in every persons pocket. By limiting such governmental pickpocketing, we can limit its incursions on our freedom.2. I cant believe that the universe would allow humans and human achievement just to fade away, therefore there must be a God and an afterlife where all will be preserved. These two arguments demonstrate two different ways that the fallacy of Reification can be used. In the first argument, the concept of government is assumed to have attributes like desire which more properly belong to volitional creatures, like people. There is an unstated premise that it is wrong for a person to put their hands in your pocket and it is concluded that it is also immoral for the government to do the same. What this argument ignores is the fact that a government is simply a collection of people, not a person itself. A government has no hands, therefore it cannot pickpocket. If the governments taxing of the people is wrong, it must be wrong for reasons other than a too-literal association with pickpocketing. Actually dealing with those reasons and exploring their validity is undermined by eliciting an emotional reaction by using the pickpocketing metaphor. This arguably means that we also have a fallacy of Poisoning the Well. In the second example above, the attributes being used are more human which means that this example of reification is also anthropomorphization. There is no reason to think that the universe, as such, really cares about anything- including humans beings. If it is not capable of caring, then the fact that it does not care is not a good reason to believe that it will miss us after we are gone. Thus, it is invalid to construct a logical argument which relies upon the assumption that the universe does care. Sometimes atheists create an argument using this fallacy which is similar to example #1, but which involves religion: 3. Religion attempts to destroy our liberty and is therefore immoral. Once again, religion has no volition because it is not a person. No human-created belief system can try to either destroy or build anything. Various religious doctrines are certainly problematic, and it is true that many religious people attempt to undermine liberty, but it is muddled thinking to confuse the two. Of course, it should be noted that hypostatization or reification is really just the use of metaphor. These metaphors become fallacies when they are taken too far and conclusions are formed on the basis the metaphor. It can be very useful to employ metaphors and abstractions in what we write, but they carry a danger in that we can begin to believe, without realizing it, that our abstract entities have the concrete attributes we metaphorically ascribe to them. How we describe a thing has a great influence on what we believe about it. This means that our impression of reality is often structured by the language we use to describe reality. Because of this, the fallacy of reification should teache us to be careful in how we describe things, lest we begin to imagine that our description has an objective essence beyond the language itself.

Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Film - Essay Example I will have spent some time with a friend I haven’t seen in a year, and that’s the end of it. I can’t believe this is so hard for you. What are you going to do when my work starts taking me to remote places around the world? Okay. This is Neigh, and it is about 10 p.m. on January 7, 2008. I decided that it was best, safest really, to put into the record the document that is the reason behind this trip – expedition even. Two days ago, I bought a box of surprise junk at an auction. When I got home, I found an old leather bound book in the box. There were a few drawings in the book, and I immediately recognized it is Celtic. The book is written in Celtic, but it has pictures, too. I could tell from the pictures that the book belonged to a Celtic priest, a Druid. It has drawings of Stonehenge in it, and an alignment of the planets that shows Venus, Jupiter and the Moon in conjunction with one another. That planetary line up is going to happen this weekend, beginning on Friday. This alignment will last a week, and then will not happen again for at least a thousand years. According to the book, the alignment will open a gate to another dimension on that night. I am going to be there Friday night, and i f there is a door, if this book is legitimate, I am going through. Well, it is not going to change tonight whatever is left, or isn’t. Besides, look, the missing stone is not even the one that is shown in the drawing. Your stone is still there. You know, as much as I don’t believe this, I kind of have this feeling. By the way, where is the original book? Sitting at Neigh’s desk, Sayge is busy reading about Stonehenge on the computer when she notices the ancient book. She closes Neigh’s laptop, takes the book and goes to the couch where she snuggles in, covers her long legs with a throw, and begins reading the book. She falls asleep. Neigh and Franklin getting out of Neigh’s car at Stonehenge. Neigh

Intermediate sport management (sport events) Essay

Intermediate sport management (sport events) - Essay Example Such dilemma has appeared in the case of Beijing Olympic Games of 2008. The findings of studies developed on this event seem to be controversial. The effectiveness of the above event is evaluated in this paper by referring to the literature and the empirical studies that have published in this field. The key finding of the study is that the specific event can be characterized as successful even if the problems appeared during the development of the event’s Strategic Plan have been many, as analyzed below. 2.0 Introduction The effectiveness of 2008 Beijing Olympic Games is reviewed in this paper. A qualitative research approach has been used for reviewing the various aspects of the specific event. A series of studies published in the academic literature has been reviewed in order to check whether the above sport event has been successful or not. Specific aspects of the particular event are set as priorities in this study: Marketing, Operations Quality and Performance, Legal and Ethical issues, Finance, Human Resources and Media. Certain articles published in the local and international press have been also employed, for providing additional information, where necessary, on the issue under examination. The main body of this study has been divided into two parts: Discussion and Findings. In the first of these parts, the Discussion part, the findings of the literature related to this study’s subject are presented, being categorized in order for the coherency of the study to be secured. These findings are then evaluated in the second part of the main body, the Findings section, in order to decide whether the management techniques used for managing the above sport event have been successful or not. The findings of the literature review are supported by graphs included in this study’s Appendix. Conclusions in regard to the issues discussed through the paper are provided in the Findings section; in this way, all conclusions are appropriately suppor ted while any gaps, as revealed through the literature, are highlighted. 3.0 Discussion 3.1 Marketing Marketing, as part of the 2008 Beijing Olympic games, can be evaluated by referring to two, different, facts: the popularity of the specific event as it was in progress and the popularity of the city after the end of the particular event. The Beijing Olympic Games of 2008 can be considered as a major event for China’s public image. In fact, since the end of the Olympics the number of tourists that have visited the region has reached impressive levels; in 2011 about 4.61 million people visited the city, a number that it is quite high (Blanchard and Fan 2012). Gibson, Qi and Zhang (2008) tried to identify the level at which a major sport event can be used as a tool for improving the image of the hosting country. The case of Beijing Olympics is used as an example. A survey was developed in Athens among college students during the Athens Olympic Games of 2004. The objective of th e survey was to show whether the intention to travel to China could be influenced by the Olympics in Beijing. It was proved that, indeed, a relationship could exist between the hosting of a major sport event and the intention to travel to the hosting country. The above relationship is presented in the graph included in Figure 1,